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Edward Skoyles
Edward Skoyles (14 March 1923 – 30 July 2008) was the first quantity surveyor employed in the UK to research costs and practices in the construction industry. He did his research from 1960 until 1984 at the Building Research Establishment. Among his research projects was developing a new type of tending for construction projects called operational bills.〔Skoyles ER. (1966) Examples from operational bills 〕〔Skoyles ER. (1967) Preparation of an operational bill. Building Research Station ISBN 978-0-85125-019-9 〕〔 Skoyles ER. (1968) Introducing bills of quantities: (Operational format). Building Research Station. 〕〔Skoyles ER. (1969) Examples from bills of quantities (Operational format). 〕 He also started the study of the actual amount of waste in the construction industry,〔Skoyles ER. Materials wastage: a misuse of resources. Building Research and Practice, CP 67/76, Oct. 1976. 〕〔Skoyles ER. (1978) Site accounting for waste of building materials, BRE Current Paper CP 5 /78, London: HMSO. 〕〔Skoyles ER. (1981) Waste of building materials, BRE Digest Number 247, London: HMSO. 〕〔Skoyles ER. Skoyles JR. (1987) Waste Prevention on Site, Mitchell Publishing, London. ISBN 0-7134-5380-X 〕 and investigated the varying methods of cost estimation practices used in different countries.〔Skoyles ER. (1982). Waste and the estimator. Chartered Institute of Building 〕〔Skoyles ER. (1985) International Building Practice Routledge, ISBN 978-0-419-11770-4 〕 His contributions are still widely discussed in the academic literature particularly upon operational bills,〔Shanley LF. (1970). Report on pilot project on operational bills. An Foras Forbartha (Irish National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research) ISBN 978-0-9501356-0-1〕〔England Symposium on Operational Bills (1967). Symposium on Operational Bills discussion. Report on a Symposium on Operational Bills held at the Building Research Station, 8 March. 〕〔 Royal Institute of Surveyors (Republic of Ireland Branch) (1970). The bill of quantities and the operational bill: Seminar, Dublin, March. An Foras Forbartha (Irish National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research) ISBN 978-0-900115-01-1〕〔Lal H. (2002). Quantifying and Managing Disruption Claims. Thomas Telford. ISBN 978-0-7277-3165-4.〕〔Dmaidi, N. (2003). (The State of the Art in Integration of Cost and Time Models ). An-Najah University Journal of Research. 17(1). 99-122.〕〔Ashworth, A. (2002). Pre-contract studies: development economics, tendering and estimating. Edition: 2. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-06472-4 p.332. 〕〔Jaggar D. Ross A. Smith J. Love P. (2002). Building Design Cost Management. Edition: 2. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-05805-1 pp147-148〕 and building waste〔 Fellows, R. Langford, D. Newcombe, R. Urrypp. S. (2002). Construction Management in Practice. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-06402-1 pp.180-181〕〔 Hellingsworth, B. Best, R., de Valence, G. (2002). Design and Construction: Building in Value. Butterworth-Heinemann ISBN 978-0-7506-5149-3 p. 266〕
== Operational bills ==
The tendering in the UK construction industry is traditionally based upon Bills of quantities in which the estimation of costs is based on the materials in the completed works. This fails to separate out the costs of labour and building plant. Edward Skoyles proposed a new form of tendering, operational bills in which such tendering was based around building tasks.〔〔〔Skoyles ER. (1970). Bills of quantities, or the operational bill? ''Architects' Journal'' (28 Jan.) 233-240.〕〔Skoyles ER. (1981). Production orientated tendering: a resume and re-examination for the early eighties of the issues involved. Quantity surveyor, 37, (6) 110-113.〕 This allowed for the separate costing of labour and plant. This offered several advantages including a more accurate ability to cost a proposed project, better communication between design and production and ease in creating critical-path analysis for the contractor.〔〔〔〔〔〔〔 A refinement of this was “bills of quantities (operations)” in which the operations are described in terms of the rules of the standard method of measurement rather than labour and materials.〔〔 Priced-activity schedules of the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract are a modern descendent of operational bills.〔 Potts, K. (2008). Construction Cost Management: Learning from Case Studies, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-44286-2〕
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